CBSE Class XII Geography
Complete Chapter-wise Syllabus 2025-26 | Subject Code: 029
Course Overview
Theory Papers
70
Marks
Practical Work
30
Marks
Duration
3
Hours
NCERT Books
3
Books
Learning Objectives
- Understanding human geography concepts and their application in real-world scenarios
- Developing knowledge of population distribution, density, and growth patterns
- Analyzing human development indicators and their significance
- Building skills for geographical data interpretation and spatial analysis
- Understanding economic activities from primary to quaternary sectors
- Developing awareness of India's geography, resources, and development challenges
- Preparation for advanced geographical studies and competitive examinations
- Critical evaluation of geographical patterns and their environmental implications
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Follow @menturox.in on InstagramMarks Distribution Overview
| Book Name | Marks | Percentage | Focus Area |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fundamentals of Human Geography | 35 | 35% | Global Human Geography |
| India: People and Economy | 35 | 35% | Indian Geography & Economy |
| Geography Practical Part II | 30 | 30% | Practical Skills & Analysis |
| Total | 100 | 100% | Complete Geography |
Note: Theory papers carry equal weightage (35 marks each) with comprehensive practical assessment
Book 1: Fundamentals of Human Geography (35 Marks)
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE - 35% of Total Theory Marks
NCERT Textbook: Fundamentals of Human Geography
Official NCERT textbook covering global human geography concepts, patterns, and processes
Download NCERT BookUnit I: Introduction
Chapter 1: Human Geography
Key Topics: 3 Marks
- Nature and scope of Human Geography
- Relationship between Physical and Human Geography
- Human Geography as a social science
- Branches of Human Geography
- Approaches to study Human Geography
Unit II: Population and Development
Chapter 2: Population Distribution and Growth
Key Topics: 8 Marks
- World population distribution patterns
- Population density variations
- Factors affecting population distribution
- Population growth trends and patterns
- Demographic transition model
- Population policies and their impact
Chapter 3: Human Development
Key Topics: 19 Marks
- Concept and approaches to human development
- Human Development Index (HDI)
- International comparisons of human development
- Growth vs Development debate
- Indicators of human development
- Sustainable development goals
- Gender inequality and development
- Regional disparities in development
Unit III: Economic Activities
Chapter 4: Primary Activities
Key Topics: 5 Marks
- Characteristics of primary activities
- Agriculture: subsistence and commercial
- Agricultural systems worldwide
- Livestock rearing and pastoral nomadism
- Fishing and forestry
- Mining and quarrying activities
Chapter 5: Secondary Activities
Key Topics:
- Manufacturing industries classification
- Factors affecting industrial location
- Industrial regions of the world
- Types of manufacturing industries
- Industrial pollution and environmental impact
Chapter 6: Tertiary and Quaternary Activities
Key Topics:
- Service sector and its importance
- Trade and commerce patterns
- Tourism as an economic activity
- Medical and educational services
- Quaternary activities and knowledge economy
Chapter 7: Transport, Communication and Trade
Key Topics:
- Transportation networks and connectivity
- Land, water, and air transport
- Communication systems evolution
- Role of transportation in development
- Trade routes and international trade
Chapter 8: International Trade
Key Topics:
- Basis of international trade
- Changing patterns of world trade
- World Trade Organization (WTO)
- Trade blocs and regional cooperation
- Ports and harbors significance
Map Work Component
World Political Map Features
Identification and Location:
- Major industrial regions
- Important ports and harbors
- Trade routes and shipping lanes
- Population distribution patterns
- Agricultural regions
- Mining areas and mineral resources
Book 2: India - People and Economy (35 Marks)
INDIAN FOCUS - 35% of Total Theory Marks
NCERT Textbook: India - People and Economy
Comprehensive coverage of India's geography, population, resources, and economic development
Download NCERT BookUnit I: Population
Chapter 1: Population Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition
Key Topics: 5 Marks
- India's population distribution patterns
- Population density variations across states
- Population growth trends and census data
- Age and sex composition analysis
- Literacy rates and educational development
- Occupational structure changes
- Population policies and family planning
Unit II: Settlements
Chapter 2: Human Settlements
Key Topics: 3 Marks
- Rural settlements types and patterns
- Urban settlements classification
- Urban growth and development
- Urbanization problems and solutions
- Smart cities mission
- Rural-urban migration patterns
Unit III: Resources and Development
Chapter 3: Land Resources and Agriculture
Key Topics: 10 Marks
- Land use classification in India
- Agricultural land degradation issues
- Cropping patterns and seasons
- Green Revolution and its impact
- Agricultural productivity and efficiency
- Sustainable agriculture practices
- Food security concerns
Chapter 4: Water Resources
Key Topics: 7 Marks
- Water resources availability and distribution
- Surface and groundwater resources
- Irrigation systems and methods
- Water conservation techniques
- Inter-basin water transfer projects
- Water pollution and management
Chapter 5: Mineral and Energy Resources
Key Topics: 5 Marks
- Distribution of metallic minerals
- Non-metallic minerals importance
- Energy resources: conventional and non-conventional
- Coal, petroleum, and natural gas reserves
- Renewable energy potential
- Energy conservation strategies
Chapter 6: Planning and Sustainable Development
Key Topics: 5 Marks
- Target area planning approaches
- Hill area development programs
- Drought prone area development
- Desert development strategies
- Watershed management
- Sustainable development goals implementation
Unit IV: Transport and Trade
Chapter 7: Transport and Communication
Key Topics:
- Road transport network development
- Railway system and connectivity
- Waterways and coastal shipping
- Air transport and airports
- Pipeline transportation
- Communication network expansion
Chapter 8: International Trade
Key Topics:
- India's changing trade patterns
- Export and import composition
- Trading partners analysis
- Trade policies and agreements
- Seaports and airports role
Unit V: Contemporary Issues
Chapter 9: Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues
Key Topics:
- Environmental degradation concerns
- Air and water pollution problems
- Land degradation and soil erosion
- Urban waste management
- Noise pollution in cities
- Slum development and rehabilitation
- Regional disparities in development
Map Work Component
Political Map of India
Location and Labelling:
- Major crops producing areas
- Mineral production centers
- Major ports and airports
- Important industrial regions
- National parks and wildlife sanctuaries
- Major rivers and dams
Book 3: Geography Practical Part II (30 Marks)
PRACTICAL SKILLS - 30% of Total Assessment
NCERT Textbook: Practical Work in Geography Part II
Comprehensive guide for geographical data analysis, processing, and spatial technology applications
Download NCERT BookChapter 1: Data - Source and Compilation
Key Practical Skills: 18 Marks
Essential Topics:
- Primary and secondary data sources
- Census data collection and analysis
- Survey methods and questionnaire design
- Sampling techniques and methods
- Data reliability and validity assessment
- Government publications and reports
- International data sources (UN, World Bank)
- Field data collection techniques
Chapter 2: Data Processing
Key Practical Skills: 7 Marks
Essential Topics:
- Data classification and tabulation
- Statistical measures calculation
- Mean, median, mode applications
- Standard deviation and correlation
- Data transformation techniques
- Computer applications in data processing
- Excel and statistical software usage
Chapter 3: Graphical Representation
Key Practical Skills: 5 Marks
Essential Topics:
- Bar graphs and histograms
- Pie charts and pictographs
- Line graphs and scatter plots
- Flow charts and network diagrams
- Triangular graphs applications
- Computer-based graph creation
- Choosing appropriate graph types
Chapter 4: Spatial Information Technology
Key Practical Skills: Major Component
Essential Topics:
- Geographic Information System (GIS) basics
- Global Positioning System (GPS) applications
- Remote sensing principles and techniques
- Satellite imagery interpretation
- Digital mapping and cartography
- Spatial analysis techniques
- Computer mapping software usage
- Integration of spatial technologies
Practical Assessment Components
Assessment Methods:
Evaluation Criteria:
- Practical record book maintenance
- Regular practical exercises completion
- Map work accuracy and presentation
- Data analysis and interpretation skills
- Viva voce examination performance
- Project work and field studies
- Computer practical skills demonstration
Examination Pattern and Assessment
Question Paper Design
Total Marks: 100 | Theory: 70 Marks | Practical: 30 Marks
Subject Code: 029
| Cognitive Level | Question Type | Assessment Focus | Weightage |
|---|---|---|---|
| Remembering & Understanding | Factual Knowledge | Recalling facts, terms, concepts, and basic information | 40% |
| Application | Concept Application | Use concepts in new situations and practical scenarios | 30% |
| Analysis, Evaluation & Creation | Higher Order Thinking | Examine information, make inferences, and create new patterns | 30% |
Assessment Features
- Equal emphasis on Human Geography and India Geography (35 marks each)
- Map work integrated with theoretical knowledge assessment
- Current affairs and contemporary issues analysis
- Data interpretation and geographical reasoning skills
- Spatial relationship understanding and analysis
- Environmental awareness and sustainable development focus
- Practical skills demonstration through hands-on activities
- Technology integration in geographical analysis
Success Tips and Study Strategy
Preparation Guidelines
- Master both Human Geography and India Geography equally (35 marks each)
- Practice map work regularly for both world and India-based questions
- Focus on understanding geographical patterns rather than memorizing facts
- Stay updated with current environmental and developmental issues
- Develop skills in data interpretation and statistical analysis
- Practice drawing and interpreting various types of graphs and charts
- Understand spatial relationships and geographical reasoning
- Work on practical skills including GIS, GPS, and remote sensing basics
- Connect theoretical concepts with real-world examples and case studies
- Maintain a comprehensive practical record book throughout the year
- Read geographical magazines and follow current geographical research
- Practice previous year question papers and sample papers regularly
Career Opportunities in Geography
Geographical Services
- Survey of India
- Geographical Research
- Cartographer and Map Making
- Remote Sensing Specialist
- GIS Analyst
- Environmental Consultant
- Urban Planner
Environmental Sector
- Environmental Impact Assessment
- Climate Change Research
- Conservation Biology
- Environmental Monitoring
- Sustainable Development Planning
- Natural Resource Management
- Disaster Management
Academic and Research
- Geography Professor
- Research Scientist
- Educational Content Developer
- Curriculum Designer
- Academic Writer
- Geography Textbook Author
- Educational Technology Specialist
Government Services
- Civil Services (IAS, IPS, IFS)
- Indian Forest Service
- Town Planning Services
- State Administrative Services
- Municipal Corporation Jobs
- Development Planning Officer
- Statistical Services
Private Sector
- Market Research Analyst
- Location Intelligence Specialist
- Tourism and Travel Industry
- Real Estate Analysis
- Business Geography Consultant
- Transportation Planning
- Retail Location Analysis
Technology Sector
- GIS Software Developer
- Remote Sensing Engineer
- Spatial Database Administrator
- GPS Technology Specialist
- Earth Observation Scientist
- Geospatial Data Analyst
- Location-based Services Developer
Important Resources and References
Official CBSE Resources
- NCERT Fundamentals of Human Geography
- NCERT India: People and Economy
- NCERT Practical Work in Geography Part II
- CBSE Sample Papers 2025-26
- Previous Year Question Papers
- CBSE Marking Schemes and Guidelines
Government Data Sources
- Census of India Reports
- Economic Survey Documents
- Ministry of Environment Publications
- NITI Aayog Development Reports
- Survey of India Maps and Data
- India Meteorological Department
Statistical Resources
- World Bank Development Indicators
- UN Population Statistics
- Human Development Reports
- FAO Agricultural Statistics
- International Trade Data
- Climate Change Research Reports
Current Affairs Sources
- Down to Earth Magazine
- National Geographic
- Geography Review Publications
- Environmental Magazines
- PIB Geographical Releases
- Academic Geography Journals
Digital Tools
- Google Earth and Maps
- QGIS Open Source Software
- NASA Earth Observatory
- USGS Earth Explorer
- Indian Space Research Organisation
- Online GIS Platforms
Study Materials
- Atlas and Reference Maps
- Statistical Data Worksheets
- Graph Paper and Drawing Tools
- Calculator for Statistical Analysis
- Practical Record Book
- Project Work Templates
Academic Timeline 2025-26
| Period | Academic Activity | Assessment Component |
|---|---|---|
| April - July 2025 | Human Geography Foundation | Practical Record Book Initiation |
| August - November 2025 | India Geography and Economic Development | Mid-term Practical Assessment |
| December 2025 - January 2026 | Practical Work and Data Analysis | Project Work Completion |
| February 2026 | Revision and Practice Papers | Practical Examination |
| March 2026 | Board Examination Preparation | Theory Paper Examination |